It would probably not be a very inaccurate to say that chess was invented around 570 A.D. somewhere in the north-eastern part of India. In manuscripts from the early 7th century a game called “Chaturanga” (which later changed to “Shatranj”) is suddenly mentioned, a precursor of chess as we know it today. Naturally we cannot be sure that there were no earlier forms, but the evidences seems to suggest that the game was invented from scratch by a single person in this area of the world at around this period of time.

Ancient Shatranj position (above), a chess piece from 8th century India (right).

The rules of Shatranj were very similar to those modern chess. The game was played on a board with 64 dark and light squares, with pieces that we would find quite familiar. It was based on the army formation of the period. There was an infantry (padati, today’s pawns), elephants (hasti, our bishops, but in Russia they are still called elephants), the cavalry (ashwa, the knights), chariots (rat-ha, today rooks) and a vizier or councellor (mantri), which later became a queen. The elephants could only move two squares diagonally, and the vizier one square in any direction. But everything else was much the way it is today.

The king is dead

Wars at the time were decided either by the complete annihilation of the enemy army or by the capture of the enemy king. This was also reflected in Chaturanga. The most important piece was the raja or king, whose survival decided on victory or loss in the game. When the Persians took over the game they called this piece the “Shah” and ended a game with the words “Shah mat!”, “the king is defeated”. This is still retained in the word “checkmate”, which actually comes from 7th century Persia!

Mansuba

When the Arabs stormed Europe in the 9th century they brought the game of chess with them. They also introduced the first “mansuba”, which consisted of composed middle or endgame positions with well-defined tasks, e.g. white to play and win. There were often stories and legends surrounding the mansubat. One of the best-known is “Dilaram’s mate”. We find it in a 15th century chess book by Firdewsi at-Tahihal, who incidentally also authored the longest poem in history (with almost a million verses, which took him 50 years to write). But the position and story originates in the 10th century and probably comes from the Arab chess teacher as-Suli.

The piece on h3 is an Alfil (A), which developed into our bishop but which at the time could only move two squares diagonally and jump over pieces (e.g. the knight on g4). 

The story is that a chess-addicted prince, Murwardi, had wagered and lost his entire fortune in an intense chess session. In his desperation he offered his beautiful wife Dilaram as stake, and was losing the game. In the above position his wife called out to him: "Oh Prince, sacrifice your rooks and not your wife." This her husband duly did and saved her with a combination the student is expected to find: 1.Rh8+ Kxh8 2.Af5+ Kg8 3.Rh8+ Kxh8 4.g7+ Kg8 5.Nh6 mate.

Here's an ancient mansuba in which the difference in pieces and rules does not play a role. It was composed more than a thousand years ago by a certain al-Adli.

1 Black to move wins In this hopeless position, with White threatening immediate mate by Ra1 or Rb2, Black must not just defend but actually win the game.   [Solution]

Frederic Friedel